UNIT+7-+CELL+ENERGY

=Unit 7: Cell Energy = Summary

=
In this unit you will learn about the complete cycles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the differences between **autotrophs** and **heterotrophs**, and the distinction of **ADP** and **ATP**. This unit will describe the steps and materials used to create the **Calvin Cycle** for photosynthesis and the **Krebs Cycle** for cellular respiration. **Photosynthesis** is used only in plants to create solar energy and form high energy sugar. This cycle also includes energy carries such as ATP and **NADPH**. **Cellular Respiration** releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in oxygen. There are two types of cellular respiration **Aerobic** and **Anaerobic respiration**. These are some of the multiple steps in Krebs Cycle. Also in this unit you will learn about the **Light Dependent Reaction** and how it captures solar energy and stores the energy carriers. Throughout the Krebs Cycle there are multiple areas within, including **glycolysis** and the **electron transport chain**. Towards the end of this unit you will learn about Fermentation from the absence of oxygen. The two types of Fermentation are Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation. **Alcoholic Fermentation** happens when there is an absence of oxygen from yeast in glucose from cytoplasm. **Lactic Acid Fermentation** is when certain bacteria from glucose in the cytoplasm produce ATP lactate. During this unit you will learn about ATP again, NADPH, and **FADH2**, which are very important energy carriers. Both units describe about very different processes that have very different steps, which help it achieve its main goals. ======

=
In this unit you will learn about **photosynthesis** and the **light dependent reactions** and the **Calvin cycle** that take place for photosynthesis to occur. ======

=
*You will also learn about **cellular respiration**, **aerobic and anerobic**, and the cycles that take place through this process, **glycolysis**, the **krebs cycle**, and the **electron transport chain**. ======

*You will also learn about **fermentation**, **alcoholic** and **lactic acid**.
Key Terms: ** ATP (Adenosine triphosphate): ** One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy. ** Autotroph: ** Organisms such as plants that make their own food. ** Heterotrophs: ** Obtain energy from the foods they consume.
 * __ 8-1 Energy and Life __**

** Chlorophyll: ** The plant's principal pigment. ** Photosynthesis: ** Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and CO2 into high-energy carbohydrates - sugars and starches and oxygen which are a waste product. ** Pigment: ** Light absorbing molecules.
 * __ 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview __**

** ATP Synthase: ** A protein that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it. ** Calvin Cycle: ** Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. ** Light dependent reactions: ** Require light and produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. ** NADP+: ** A carrier molecule. ** Photosystem: ** Light collecting units of the chloroplasts. ** Stroma: ** The region outside of the Thylakoid membranes. ** Thylakoids: ** Saclike photosynthetic membrane.
 * __ 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis __**

** Anaerobic: ** Respiration that doesn't require oxygen. ** Cellular Respiration: ** The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. ** Fermentation: ** Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen. ** Glycolysis: ** First step in releasing the energy of glucose in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid. ** NAD+: ** An electron carrier.
 * __ 9-1 Chemical Pathways __**
 * Calorie: ** The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.

__** 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport **__ ** Electron Transport Chain: ** Uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. ** Krebs cycle: ** Second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions.
 * Aerobic: ** Respiration that requires oxygen.

By; Kristin Ford, Maddie Ochoco, and Heidi Wortell