Organelles

= Organelles = = This page was created by Aryn Cooper = = =
 * Every living thing is made up of cells. Millions and trillions of cells to be more specific. In eukaryote cells, cells that contain a nuclei, each cell has structures in them called organelles. Organelle means "little organs", and in some ways they are tiny organs that help the cell perform its job. Each organelle has a specific function to do in the cell. **




 * = Organelles in **all** cells ||= Organelles only in **plant** cells ||= Organelles only in **animal** cells ||
 * = Cytoplasm ||= Cell wall || Centrioles ||
 * Ribosomes || Chloroplast || Lysome ||
 * = Cell membrane ||=  ||=   ||

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There are about 18 organelles in a cell. The first organelle is the __cell membrane__. It controls what enters and exits the cell. They protect the cell because they create a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. They are made up of special lipids called phospholipids. This is found in all cells.

The second organelle is the __cell wall.__ The cell wall the rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane. The cell wall is an organelle that only plants have. It is one of the main differences between a plant and an animal cell. It is made up of polysaccharides cellulose. It protects the cell membrane. It will limit the amount of large molecules in the cell because they might be toxic. Therefore, they protect the whole cell.

The third organelle is the __chloroplast__. The chloroplast converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy(sugar). This process is called photosynthesis. It is one of the food producers of the cell. This organelle is only in plant cells because plants are autotrophs and get their energy from the sun while animals for example are heterotrophs and rely on other organisms for energy.

The fourth organelle is the __cilia__. It is Latin for "eyelash", and in a way it does look like long, thin, eyelashes. The cilia is fine hair like structures that help the cell move, or things move around the cell. They are usually in animal cells and rare to plants.

The fifth organelle is the __cytoplasm__. The cytoplasm is a jelly like substance found in all cells. Its found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is 80 percent water and it is usually clear. It is the location of many chemical reactions, but it's main function is to maintain shape. The sixth organelle is the __cytoskeleton__. It is the "skeleton" of the cell. It allows the cell to move and protect itself. It is made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that gives the cell its shape. The main function of this organelle is to keep the shape and hold the cell together.

The seventh organelle is the __flagella__. The flagella have a large whip like tail that they use for movement. They use the tail for movement so they can boost forward. One example is the sperm cell, the sperm cell uses its flagella to move into the female reproductive track. The cilia and the flagella and identical except for there lengths. The flagella is very important in the cell because it is how the cell moves around. There is usually only one or two flagella's on a cell.

The eighth organelle is the __Golgi apparatus__. The Golgi apparatus packages, modifies, and ships the cell products. It processes and packs things like proteins and lipids before they get to their destination. They can modify proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or transport lipids around the cell. In a plant, the Golgi may create sugars and send them off to vesicles. There are a lot of ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus because they work closely with the rough er.

The ninth organelle is the __lysosome__. The lysosome recycle old and worn our organelle and cell parts. The lysosome is only found in animal cells. Their function is to digest excess organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. They also hold enzymes that were created by the cell. The lysosome is the trash can in the cell. Trash needs to go someone and with the lysosome the cell does not need to worry about it.

The tenth organelle is the __mitochondria__. The mitochondria converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for the cell to use. This is were cellular respiration is created. Cellular respiration is were high energy carries are created by breaking down glucose. The mitochondria is a very important location because it holds cellular respiration and it provides the cell with energy to move and divide.

The eleventh organelle is the __nuclear envelope__. The nuclear envelope protects the nucleus. It serves at a barrier to separate the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It has a double lipid bilayer that attaches the genetic material in the cell.

The twelve organelle is the __nucleus__. The nucleus is a very important part of the cell. It holds the cells DNA and it controls the cells actions such as eating, moving, and reproducing. The nucleus contains the chromosomes of the cell(DNA). It could be compared to the brain of the cell. If something were to happen to that cell the nucleus would be one of the first ones to know about it.

The thirteenth organelle is the __nucleolus__. It is a small, dense region in the nuclei. The nucleolus is where the DNA is kept and it is were ribosomes are formed. It is also very rich in protein and RNA.



The fourteenth organelle is the __ribosomes__. The ribosomes is a small particle in the cell were proteins are made. They carry out protein synthesis and they are found in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER. They are proteins that make other proteins.If you need to find proteins in a cell, look for ribosomes.

The fifteenth organelle is the __**rough** endoplasmic reticulum__, or the rough ER. It has a rough appearance because it is covered in ribosomes.The ribosomes get attached to the membrane of the rough ER. The ribosomes builds an amino acid chain. When protein is made, the rough ER takes off a vesicle. It can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus when it is done.

The sixteenth organelle is the __**smooth** endoplasmic reticulum__, or smooth ER. Its function is to act as a storage organelle. For instance it stores steroids. It preforms drug and poison detoxification and converts them to safer products. It also manufactures membrane lipids.

The seventeenth organelle is the __transport vesicles__. It is a small membrane that can store transport substance. Most vesicles have specialized functions which varies on what they contain.

The eighteenth organelle is the __vacuole__. The vacuole stores materials like water, salt, proteins, carbohydrates, ect. It contains the excess that the cell doesn't normally need all the time. It doesn't have a specific size because it varies for each cell.

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm **This website will let you look at each organelle of either a plant or animal cell** http://www.purposegames.com/game/learn-organelles-plant-cell-quiz **This website has a game on it that will ask you to find each organelle in a plant cell** http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap11604 **This website has review of what each organelle is in an animal cell**
 * Here are some websites that could further your understanding **

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html http://visalia.k12.ca.us/eldiamante/science/biology/html_stuff/Cell%20Organelles.htm#Mitochondria
 * Here are some websites i used **

Notes in class(Cellular Organelles, Unit 2 study guide, ext.) Textbook 7-2(pages 174-181)
 * Other sources i used **