Mutations

= **Mutation by Alyssa McCusker ** =

=== __//Mutations can effect many nucleotides or a single nucleotide. There are three types of point mutations.//__ __//UNIT 3- NUCLEIC ACIDS//__ === //This link above is a website that provides more information on these types of mutations and further knowledge that sum up the three types of mutations.//
 * Substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide is substituted for another.This type of mutation changes one codon, which in effect changes one of the amino acids in the sequence for making a protein.


 * Example: ** [[image:substitution.gif width="129" height="86"]]
 * Original: t **** he cat ate the mouse **
 * Subs **** tit **** uti **** o **** n: the rat ate the mouse **
 * Insertion mutation occurs when one nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence. this type of mutation changes the entire codon sequence and effects every amino acid that follows the insertion.


 * Example:[[image:insertion.gif width="168" height="79"]] **
 * Original: the cat ate the mouse **
 * Insertion: the cat sat ate the mouse **


 * Deletion mutation deletes a nucleotide and effects every amino acid


 * Example:[[image:deletion.gif width="111" height="73"]] **
 * Original: the cat ate the mouse **
 * Deletion: the ate the mouse **

Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called **Frame shifts mutations.**


 * Mutations can effect any living organism** from a prokaryotic bacterium to a eukaryote human being. They change the Nucleotide sequence and they can involve large segments of DNA or just a single nucleotide.


 * // The You tube Video Link below is a interesting video about Mutations. It goes in depth and detail about how mutations work and how they occur. //**
 * // DNA Mutations animation one //**


 * Mutations occur inside the cells in the nucleus (where DNA is located)**.They can occur at the beginning, the middle, or the end of the DNA strand.For mutations that occur in the Body cell ( heart, lungs, stomach, or skin) they only affect that one cell. If the cell divides, the mutation will pass on to the daughter cells but these mutations are NOT passed onto offspring. Mutations in the sperm or egg cells will affect every cell in the new baby's body. this is because every cell in the human body is a exact copy from where they originate.

[|What are DNA Mutations? click this link for further information!] //** This link is a helpful source on information further on DNA mutation **//


 * Why do mutations occur?** DNA can be damaged by altering the nucleotide bases so that they look like other nucleotide bases. Ultra violet light, nuclear radiation, and certain chemicals can be the cause of mutations. Incorrect pairing of the bases when DNA is copied and separated also causes mutations in the cell. Environmental causes like nuclear radiation damages DNA by breaking bonds between oxygen and the phosphate groups. Breaking the phosphate backbone within a gene creates a mutated form of that gene. It's possible the mutated gene will produce a protein that does function differently. Cells that have broken DNA will attempt to fix the broken ends by joining those free ends with other parts of DNA in the cell.


 * Mutations result when the DNA polymerase makes a mistake, which happens every 100,000,000 base. they can either have no effect, positive effect, or negative effect.**
 * No effect: the mutation doesn't change the protein created/ new protein does not change the organism


 * Positive effect: Makes the organism more fit to survive natural selection by creating a protein that helps


 * Negative effect: The mutation creates a protein that effects the organism by making them less fit to survive natural selection.

Mutations Animation Youtube Link two //** This You tube video Link is also another good type of video that provides helpful information about mutation types. **//



[|Mutate a DNA sentence!] //** This link allows you to do a activity that teaches you by doing rather then just reading! **// -

Work Cited

//DNA Mutation//. //You tube//. N.p., 16 Nov. 2006. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp0esidDr-c&feature=player_embedded. //DNA MUTations Genetics Biology//. //You tube//. N.p., 22 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. . "MUTATE A DNA SENTENCE!" //Learn. Genetics//. The university of Utah, 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. .

Toland, Amanda Ewart. "Dna Mutations ." //http://www.genetichealth.com/// //g101_changes_in_dna.shtml//. Genetic Health, 2001. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. http://www.genetichealth.com/g101_changes_in_dna.shtml.

"Types of Mutations ." //Understanding Evolution//. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_03.

"What causes DNA mutations?" //Learn. Genetics//. N.p., 2011. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. .